Primary education 5 % Upper secondary education (high school) 21 % 19 % Lower secondary education (middle school) 7 % Short cycle higher education 10 % 6 % Bachelor’s or equivalent Master’s or equivalent Doctorate or equivalent (e.g. Ph.D.) Other 29 % 3 % Primary education 1 % Upper secondary education (high school) 22 % 16 % Lower secondary education (middle school) 4 % Short cycle higher education 9 % 1 % Bachelor’s or equivalent Master’s or equivalent Doctorate or equivalent (e.g. Ph.D.) Other 45 % 1 % 5 % 2 3 12 % 10 2 % Do not wish to answer 4 % 13 % 4 6 15 % 7 15 % 8 8 % 1 4 % 2 % 9 19 % 5 Question: “Here is an income scale in which 1 indicates the lowest income group and 10 indicates the highest income group in your country. In which group do you consider your family to be?” Parents’ highest level of education Level of education(completed or in progress) Perceived income scale